Clockwise from top:, and Location of Beijing Municipality within China Coordinates: Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 668: callParserFunction: function '#coordinates' was not found. See also: Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had. The name Beijing, which means 'Northern Capital' (from the 北 for north and 京 for capital), was applied to the city in 1403 during the to distinguish the city from (the 'Southern Capital'). The English spelling is based on the of the two characters as they are pronounced in. An older English spelling, Peking, is the of the same two characters as they are pronounced in spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries. Those dialects preserve the pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng, prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation. The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is, which appears on automobile license plates in the city.
The official for Beijing is 'BJ'. Main article: Early history The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of near the village of in, where lived. Fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Also lived there more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found settlements throughout the municipality, including in, located in downtown Beijing.
The first in Beijing was, a city-state from the 11th to 7th century BC. Within modern Beijing, Ji was located south of the present. This settlement was later conquered by the and made its capital under the name. Early Imperial China. In Beijing where wrote his poem.
After the, Beijing became a for the region. During the, it was held by and before falling to 's. The AD 3rd-century demoted the town, placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou. During the period when northern China was conquered and divided by the, Beijing, as was briefly the capital of the Kingdom. After China was reunified during the, Beijing, known as Zhuojun, became the northern terminus of the. Under the, Beijing as, served as a military frontier command center.
During the and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang, local military commanders founded their own short-lived Yan Dynasties and called the city, or the 'Yan Capital.' In 938, after the fall of the Tang, the ceded to the, which renamed the city, or the 'Southern Capital', one of four secondary capitals to complement its 'Supreme Capital', Shangjing (modern in ). Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period, including the. The Liao fell to the in 1122, which gave the city to the and then retook it in 1125 during its. In 1153, the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their 'Central Capital', called Zhongdu. The city was besieged by 's invading in 1213 and two years later. Two generations later, ordered the construction of (or Daidu to the Mongols, commonly known as Khanbaliq), a new capital for his to be located adjacent to the Jurchen Jin ruins.
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The construction took from 1264 to 1293, but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of. The city was centered on the slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present-day to the. Remnants of the Yuan wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng. Ming dynasty In 1368, soon after declaring the new of the, the leader sent an army to Khanbaliq and conquered it.
Since the continued to occupy and Mongolia, however, a new town was established to supply the military garrisons in the area. This was called Beiping and under the Hongwu Emperor's feudal policies it was given to, one of his sons, who was created '. One of the corner towers of the. The early death of 's heir led to a on his death, one that ended with the victory of and the declaration of the new. Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian (Nanjing) alienated many there, he established his fief as a new co-capital. The city of became – now Beijing in 1403. The construction of the new imperial residence, the, took from 1406 to 1420; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city's major attractions, such as the and (although the was not cleared until 1651 ).
On 28 October 1420, Beijing is officially designated the capital of the on the same year that the Forbidden City is completed. Beijing became the empire's primary capital ( Jingshi) and Yingtian – or called – became the co-capital. (A 1425 order by Zhu Di's son, the, to return the capital to Nanjing was never carried out: he died, probably of a heart attack, the next month. He was buried, like almost every Ming emperor to follow him, in an to Beijing's north.) By the 15th century, Beijing had essentially taken its current shape. The continued to serve until modern times, when it was pulled down and the was built in its place. It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The was constructed by in 1652 at the former site of 's chapel; the modern was later built upon the same site.
The capture of Beijing by 's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty, but he and his abandoned the city without a fight when the army of Prince arrived 40 days later. Qing dynasty established the as a direct successor of the Ming (delegitimizing and his followers) and Beijing became China's sole capital. The Qing emperors made some modifications to the Imperial residence but, in large part, the Ming buildings and the general layout remained unchanged. Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced, but the Qing also continued the traditional state rituals.
Signage was bilingual or Chinese. This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the. A gate to the inner walled city, c. 1906 During the, Anglo-French forces captured the city, looting and burning the in 1860. Under the ending that war, Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish within the city. In 1900, the attempt by the ' to eradicate this presence, as well as Chinese Christian converts, led to Beijing's reoccupation.
During the fighting, several important structures were destroyed, including the and the (new). Republic The fomenters of the of 1911 sought to replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like originally intended to return the capital to Nanjing. After the Qing general forced the abdication of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success of the revolution, the revolutionaries accepted him as president of the new. Yuan maintained his capital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power, declaring himself emperor in 1915. His death less than a year later left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies. Following the success of the ', the capital was formally removed to Nanjing in 1928. On 28 June the same year, Beijing's name was returned to Beiping (written at the time as 'Peiping').
A scene from the opening ceremonies of the. In the final phases of the, the seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the. On 1 October that year, announced the creation of the from atop. He restored the name of the city, as the new capital, to Beijing, a decision that had been reached by the just a few days earlier.
In the 1950s, the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods, with heavy industries in and residential neighborhoods in. Many areas of the were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the and the. During the from 1966 to 1976, the movement began in Beijing and the city's government fell victim to one of the first purges.
By the fall of 1966, all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao. In April 1976, a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square. In October 1976, the Gang was arrested in and the Cultural Revolution came to an end. In December 1978, the in Beijing under the leadership of reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the Since the early 1980s, the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the,. According to one 2005 newspaper report, the size of newly developed Beijing was one-and-a-half times larger than before. And have developed into flourishing shopping districts, while has become a major center of electronics in China.
In recent years, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization, such as, the loss of historic neighborhoods, and a significant influx of migrant workers from less-developed of the country. Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history, principally the and the. This city was awarded to host the. Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular, which opens to the south and east of the city. Mountains to the north, northwest and west shield the city and northern China's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes. The northwestern part of the municipality, especially and, are dominated by the Jundu Mountains, while the western part is framed by Xishan or the. The across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes.
Mount Dongling, in the Western Hills and on the border with, is the municipality's highest point, with an altitude of 2,303 metres (7,556 ft). Remnants of the in the mountains north of the city.
Major rivers flowing through the municipality, including the, are all tributaries in the system, and flow in a southeasterly direction. The Miyun Reservoir, on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River, is the largest reservoir within the municipality. Beijing is also the northern terminus of the to, which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route, and the, constructed in the past decade to bring water from the basin. The urban area of Beijing, on the plains in the south-central of the municipality with elevation of 40–60 m, occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality's area. The city spreads out in concentric.
The traces the and the connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs. And are at the center of Beijing, directly to the south of the, the former residence of the emperors of China. To the west of Tian'anmen is, the residence of China's current leaders.
, which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square, forms the city's main east-west axis. Climate Beijing has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced ( Dwa), characterized by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian, and generally cold, windy, dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast. Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the across the, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn, like spring, sees little rain, but is crisp and short. The monthly daily average temperature in January is −3.7 °C (25.3 °F), while in July it is 26.2 °C (79.2 °F).
Averages around 570 mm (22.4 in) annually, with close to three-fourths of that total falling from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47% in July to 65% in January and February, the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −27.4 °C (−17 °F) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 °C (107 °F) on 24 July 1999 (unofficial record of 42.6 °C (109 °F) was set on 15 June 1942). Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog. These photographs, taken in August 2005, show the variations in Beijing's air quality. In preparation for the and to fulfill promises to clean up the city's air, nearly 17 billion USD was spent.
Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games, including halting work at all construction sites, closing many factories in Beijing permanently, temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions, closing some gas stations, and, reducing bus and subway fares, opening new subway lines, and banning high-emission vehicles. The city further assembled 3,800 -powered buses, one of the largest fleets in the world. Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4. Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide. Since 2012, the city has been converting coal-fired to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons. In 2011, the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal, 73% of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry. Much of the city's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions.
Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015. Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011, more than all of Germany, of which only 30% were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making. Power plants in the coal-mining regions of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, where coal consumption has tripled since 2000, and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing. Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, respectively rank from first to fourth, among Chinese provinces by coal consumption. According to Beijing's mayor the intention is to cut coal burning in the city and the surrounding areas by 2.6 million tonnes in three years by 2017. The government regularly uses measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events as well as to combat drought conditions in the area. Beijing air quality is often poor, especially in winter.
In mid-January 2013, Beijing's air quality was measured on top of at a PM2.5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter, which went off the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index. It was widely reported, originally through a Twitter account, that the category was 'crazy bad'. This was later changed to 'beyond index'.
On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city. Later in the month another smog 'red alert'was issued. Readings Due to Beijing's high-level of air pollution, there are various readings by different sources on the subject. Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BJEPB). The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly and levels on Twitter. Although the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria the media has noted that pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy. Main article: Municipal government is regulated by the local (CPC), led by the Beijing (: 北京市委书记).
The local CPC issues administrative orders, collects taxes, manages the economy, and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government. Government officials include the (: 市长) and vice-mayor. Numerous bureaus focus on law, public security, and other affairs.
Additionally, as the capital of China, Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions, including the. Administrative divisions.